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SGLT2 inhibitors are a class of medications used primarily to treat type 2 diabetes. They work by targeting a specific protein in the kidneys called sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2). This protein plays a crucial role in how the body reabsorbs glucose from urine back into the bloodstream.
How SGLT2 Inhibitors Function
Under normal conditions, the kidneys filter blood to remove waste and excess substances, including glucose. The SGLT2 protein helps reabsorb about 90% of the glucose filtered by the kidneys, returning it to the blood. SGLT2 inhibitors block this protein, reducing glucose reabsorption.
Mechanism of Action
When SGLT2 is inhibited, less glucose is reabsorbed in the kidneys. As a result, more glucose is excreted in the urine. This process lowers the overall blood glucose levels, helping to manage hyperglycemia in people with type 2 diabetes.
Effects on Blood Glucose Levels
The increased urinary glucose excretion leads to a decrease in fasting and post-meal blood glucose levels. This reduction helps improve glycemic control and can lead to a decrease in HbA1c levels over time.
Additional Benefits
- Weight loss due to calorie loss through glucose excretion
- Lower blood pressure as a result of diuretic effects
- Reduced risk of cardiovascular events in some patients
Common SGLT2 Inhibitors
- Canagliflozin
- Dapagliflozin
- Empagliflozin
- Ertugliflozin
These medications are prescribed alongside other diabetes treatments and lifestyle modifications to optimize blood sugar control.